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<p>The term "<b>M-Base</b>" is used in several ways. In the 1980s, a loose collective of young African American musicians including <a href="Steve_Coleman" title="Steve Coleman">Steve Coleman</a>, <a href="Graham_Haynes" title="Graham Haynes">Graham Haynes</a>, <a href="Cassandra_Wilson" title="Cassandra Wilson">Cassandra Wilson</a>, <a href="Geri_Allen" title="Geri Allen">Geri Allen</a>, <a href="Robin_Eubanks" title="Robin Eubanks">Robin Eubanks</a>, and <a href="Greg_Osby" title="Greg Osby">Greg Osby</a> emerged in <a href="Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> with a new sound and specific ideas about creative expression. Using a term coined by Steve Coleman, they called these ideas "M-Base-concept" (short for "<b>m</b>acro<b>-b</b>asic <b>a</b>rray of <b>s</b>tructured <b>e</b>xtemporization") and critics have used this term to categorize this scene's music as a jazz style.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Coleman stressed "M-Base" doesn't denote a musical style but a way of thinking about creating music.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coleman also refuses the word "jazz" as a label for his music and the music tradition represented by musicians like <a href="John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>, <a href="Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, <a href="Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, etc. However, the musicians of the M-Base movement, which also included dancers and poets, strived for common creative musical languages, so their early recordings show many similarities reflecting their common ideas, the experiences of working together, and their similar cultural background. To label this kind of music, jazz critics have established the word "M-Base" as a jazz style for lack of a better term, distorting its original meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_associated_with_the_term_"M-Base"">Music associated with the term "M-Base"</h2></div>

<p>In 1991 a significant number of M-Base participants labelled as "M-Base Collective" recorded the CD <i>Anatomy of a Groove</i>. Most of them previously contributed to CDs by alto saxophonist Steve Coleman, whose creativity has been a pivotal factor in that movement,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he refused to be called its leader or founder. Coleman and his friend Greg Osby, who plays alto saxophone in a related style, together led the group Strata Institute, which recorded two CDs (the second with tenor saxophonist Von Freeman as a further leader). Under the name of Osby, a number of CDs with a specific character have been released starting in 1987, which also coined the perception of "M-Base" jazz. Tenor saxophonist and flutist Gary Thomas admittedly didn't take part in the M-Base initiative, but joined them, and there were similarities in his way of playing. He can be heard on recordings of Coleman and Osby, and his own CDs are also labelled as "M-Base-style". All three saxophonists contributed to the CD <i>Jump World</i> by singer Cassandra Wilson.

</p><p>Pianist <a href="Andrew_Hill_(jazz_musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Hill (jazz musician)">Andrew Hill</a> said about Greg Osby: "He has an incredible sense of rhythm and harmonic accuracy, and picks the right notes with a precision that isn't common to people with his technical versatility. He's developed into a fully rounded artist who can play various styles extremely well – better than most."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greg Osby said about <a href="Gary_Thomas_(musician)" title="Gary Thomas (musician)">Gary Thomas</a>: "He's extremely intelligent and has a capacity for absorption that exceeds that of most people that I know […] He has his own compositional and improvisational method that is peerless in my opinion. He's my favourite tenor saxophone player on the contemporary scene."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarinettist and composer Don Byron called Steve Coleman "an exceptional personality of American music history."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Antecedents to M-Base were identified by jazz critic <a href="Bill_Milkowski" title="Bill Milkowski">Bill Milkowski</a> as the <a href="Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>-led band featured on recordings like 1975's <i><a href="Agharta_(album)" title="Agharta (album)">Agharta</a></i>; he noted the combination of <a href="Sonny_Fortune" title="Sonny Fortune">Sonny Fortune</a>'s acerbic saxophone lines atop the syncopated <a href="Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">grooves</a> performed by the rhythm section of drummer <a href="Al_Foster" title="Al Foster">Al Foster</a>, bassist <a href="Michael_Henderson" title="Michael Henderson">Michael Henderson</a>, and rhythm guitarist <a href="Reggie_Lucas" title="Reggie Lucas">Reggie Lucas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_history">Further history</h2></div>

<p>The ideas of the M-Base concept were largely incompatible with the requirements of music business. Most participants of the M-Base movement turned to more conventional music. Cassandra Wilson's blues- and folk-influenced music has been fairly suitable for an adaption to the taste of a larger audience. Wilson has been signed to <a href="Blue_Note_Records" title="Blue Note Records">Blue Note Records</a> since 1993. Though two of Gary Thomas' recordings were highly rated by <i><a href="DownBeat" title="DownBeat">DownBeat</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he only had a contract with a small European company and his performance opportunities were virtually limited to Europe. Since 1997, he has put his career as a bandleader on hold to teach at Peabody Music Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greg Osby signed with Blue Note Records in 1990 and developed a specific balancing act between an enhanced reverence to tradition and maintaining his new direction. In 2008, Osby launched his own small label.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steve Coleman has developed his music further in accordance with the M-Base concept. In the 1990s his CDs were released by the major label <a href="Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a>. Thereafter he became practically an underground artist in the U.S. again, in that his music was only available as imports, distributed by a small French label.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 <a href="John_Zorn" title="John Zorn">John Zorn</a>'s small label <a href="Tzadik_Records" title="Tzadik Records">Tzadik Records</a> released a solo CD of Coleman. In 2010 the small advanced label <a href="Pi_Recordings" title="Pi Recordings">Pi Recordings</a> began to release Steve Coleman's recordings.

</p><p>Although the musical line initially called "M-Base" became more than ever focused on Steve Coleman, a number of younger musicians (e.g. a range of excellent drummers) have made substantial creative contributions to his music and his influence is to be found in several musical fields – both in terms of music technique and of the music's meaning. Pianist <a href="Vijay_Iyer" title="Vijay Iyer">Vijay Iyer</a> (who was chosen as "Jazz Musician of the Year 2010" by the <a href="Jazz_Journalists_Association" title="Jazz Journalists Association">Jazz Journalists Association</a>) said, "It's hard to overstate Steve [Coleman's] influence. He's affected more than one generation, as much as anyone since John Coltrane. It's not just that you can connect the dots by playing seven or 11 beats. What sits behind his influence is this global perspective on music and life. He has a point of view of what he does and why he does it."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M-Base_concept">M-Base concept</h2></div>

<p>Steve Coleman explained the substantial elements of the concept as:

</p>

<ul><li>improvisation and structure</li>

<li>contemporary relevance</li>

<li>music as expression of life experience</li>

<li>growth through creativity and philosophical broadening</li>

<li>use of non-western concepts</li></ul>

<p>The M-Base concept reminds of the creative energy of the bebop originators, their loose collective, and also of their musical goals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept does not include "neo-classical jazz", <a href="Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">free</a> music without structures, <a href="Fusion_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion music">fusion music</a>, music which isn't mainly improvised, or music shaped with respect to commercial aspects.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"…the word [M-Base] had spread. But it spread in association with the music, and so it became for them a musical style." (Steve Coleman, interviewed by Julian Joseph for BBC Radio 3 Jazz Legends, 2001)</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-base.com/mbase_explanation.html">"Steve Coleman"</a>. M-base.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, London/New York 2001, p. 739</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coleman has been called "the leader" for example in <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz</i>, London/New York 2001, p. 739</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in liner notes of CD <i>The Invisible Hand</i> by Greg Osby</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gregosby.com/interviews5.html">"Interviewed by Fred Jung, April 11, 2000"</a>. <i>Greg Osby - Jazz Saxophonist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Broecking, Der Marsalis-Faktor, 1995, p. 120</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlkyerEnrightKoransky2007" class="citation book cs1">Alkyer, Frank; Enright, Ed; Koransky, Jason, eds. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downbeathalloffa00fran/page/307"><i>The Miles Davis Reader</i></a></span>. <a href="Hal_Leonard_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hal Leonard Corporation">Hal Leonard Corporation</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downbeathalloffa00fran/page/307">307</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4234-3076-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/487">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619060329/http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/487">Archived</a> June 19, 2010, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/3020">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620161210/http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/3020">Archived</a> June 20, 2010, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gregosby.com/bio.html">"Greg Osby - Jazz Saxophonist/Composer: Biography"</a>. <i>Greg Osby - Jazz Saxophonist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFInnerviews" class="citation web cs1">Innerviews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://innerviews.org/inner/coleman.html">"Innerviews: Steve Coleman - Digging deep"</a>. <i>Innerviews: Music Without Borders</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Blumenfeld2010" class="citation web cs1">Larry Blumenfeld (11 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294532527380178">"A Saxophonist's Reverberant Sound"</a>. <i>WSJ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-base.com/the-dozens-steve-coleman-on-charlie-parker">"cf. Coleman's article about Charlie Parker"</a>. jazz.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnmat.org/~vijay/mbase3.html">Steve Coleman, M-Base, and Music Collectivism by Vijay Iyer</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-base.com/m-base_collective.html">M-Base Collective</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051001051829/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/iviews/osby.htm">Greg Osby Interview</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Steve_Coleman39" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Steve_Coleman" title="Steve Coleman">Steve Coleman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Motherland_Pulse" title="Motherland Pulse">Motherland Pulse</a></i> (1985)</li>

<li><i><a href="On_the_Edge_of_Tomorrow" title="On the Edge of Tomorrow">On the Edge of Tomorrow</a></i> (1986)</li>

<li><i><a href="World_Expansion" title="World Expansion">World Expansion</a></i> (1987)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rhythm_People_(The_Resurrection_of_Creative_Black_Civilization)" title="Rhythm People (The Resurrection of Creative Black Civilization)">Rhythm People (The Resurrection of Creative Black Civilization)</a></i> (1990)</li>

<li><i><a href="Black_Science_(Steve_Coleman_album)" title="Black Science (Steve Coleman album)">Black Science</a></i> (1991)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rhythm_in_Mind" title="Rhythm in Mind">Rhythm in Mind</a></i> (1992)</li>

<li><i><a href="Functional_Arrhythmias" title="Functional Arrhythmias">Functional Arrhythmias</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Morphogenesis_(album)" title="Morphogenesis (album)">Morphogenesis</a></i> (2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jazz351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><div id="Jazz351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_jazz" title="Outline of jazz">Outline of jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a>

<li><a href="Jam_session" title="Jam session">Jam session</a></li>

<li><a href="Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li>

<li><a href="Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing performance</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_drumming" title="Jazz drumming">Jazz drumming</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">Jazz guitar</a></li>

<li><a href="French_horn_in_jazz" title="French horn in jazz">French horn in jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">Jazz piano</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_trombone" title="Jazz trombone">Jazz trombone</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">Vocal jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Women in jazz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="List_of_jazz_genres" title="List of jazz genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a>

<li><a href="Chamber_jazz" title="Chamber jazz">Chamber jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Dixieland_jazz" title="Dixieland jazz">Dixieland</a></li>

<li><a href="Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Gypsy jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a>

<ul><li><a href="Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mainstream_jazz" title="Mainstream jazz">Mainstream jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">Modal jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">Orchestral jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Samba-jazz" title="Samba-jazz">Samba-jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_jazz" title="Spiritual jazz">Spiritual jazz</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sacred_jazz" title="Sacred jazz">Sacred jazz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">Stride</a></li>

<li><a href="Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="List_of_jazz_musicians" title="List of jazz musicians">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_jazz_bassists" title="List of jazz bassists">Bassists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_musicians#Clarinet" title="List of jazz musicians">Clarinetists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_drummers" title="List of jazz drummers">Drummers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_guitarists" title="List of jazz guitarists">Guitarists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_organists" title="List of jazz organists">Organists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_percussionists" title="List of jazz percussionists">Percussionists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_pianists" title="List of jazz pianists">Pianists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_saxophonists" title="List of jazz saxophonists">Saxophonists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Trombonists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Trumpeters</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_vibraphonists" title="List of vibraphonists">Vibraphonists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_violinists" title="List of jazz violinists">Violinists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_vocalists" title="List of jazz vocalists">Vocalists</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Musicians by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_bebop_musicians" title="List of bebop musicians">Bebop</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chamber_jazz_musicians" title="List of chamber jazz musicians">Chamber jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians" title="List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians">Cool jazz and West Coast jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_fusion_musicians" title="List of jazz fusion musicians">Jazz fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_smooth_jazz_musicians" title="List of smooth jazz musicians">Smooth jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_swing_musicians" title="List of swing musicians">Swing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Discographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bethlehem_Records" title="Bethlehem Records">Bethlehem</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobblestone_Records" title="Cobblestone Records">Cobblestone</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_Records" title="Contemporary Records">Contemporary</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_Dutchman_Records" title="Flying Dutchman Records">Flying Dutchman</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_Records" title="Freedom Records">Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Groove_Merchant" title="Groove Merchant">Groove Merchant</a></li>

<li><a href="Impulse!_Records_discography" title="Impulse! Records discography">Impulse!</a></li>

<li><a href="India_Navigation" title="India Navigation">India Navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Landmark_Records" title="Landmark Records">Landmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainstream_Records" title="Mainstream Records">Mainstream</a></li>

<li><a href="Milestone_Records_discography" title="Milestone Records discography">Milestone</a></li>

<li><a href="MPS_Records" title="MPS Records">MPS Records</a></li>

<li><a href="Prestige_Records_discography" title="Prestige Records discography">Prestige</a></li>

<li><a href="Riverside_Records_discography" title="Riverside Records discography">Riverside</a></li>

<li><a href="Strata-East_Records" title="Strata-East Records">Strata-East</a></li>

<li><a href="Verve_Records_discography" title="Verve Records discography">Verve</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_%26_Winter_Records" title="Winter & Winter Records">Winter & Winter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beaches_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Beaches International Jazz Festival">Beaches (Toronto)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicago_Jazz_Festival" title="Chicago Jazz Festival">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="Copenhagen_Jazz_Festival" title="Copenhagen Jazz Festival">Copenhagen</a></li>

<li><a href="Detroit_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Detroit International Jazz Festival">Detroit</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival">Jakarta</a></li>

<li><a href="Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey</a></li>

<li><a href="Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal</a></li>

<li><a href="Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans</a></li>

<li><a href="Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Lucia_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucia Jazz Festival">Saint Lucia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">Contrafacts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_institutions_and_organizations" title="List of jazz institutions and organizations">Institutions and organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">Jazz poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_royalty" title="Jazz royalty">Jazz royalty</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_harmony" title="Jazz harmony">Jazz theory</a>

<ul><li><i>See Template: Jazz theory</i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_line_(parades)" title="Second line (parades)">Second line</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_jazz_venues" title="List of jazz venues">Venues</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ethio-jazz" title="Ethio-jazz">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Malawi#Malawian_jazz" title="Music of Malawi">Malawian</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_jazz" title="South African jazz">South African</a>

<li><a href="Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Armenian_jazz" title="Armenian jazz">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Azerbaijani_jazz" title="Azerbaijani jazz">Azerbaijani</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jazz_mugham" title="Jazz mugham">Jazz mugham</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_in_China" title="Jazz in China">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Indian</a>

<li><a href="Sitar_in_jazz" title="Sitar in jazz">Sitar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Japanese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balkan_jazz" title="Balkan jazz">Balkan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bulgarian_jazz" title="Bulgarian jazz">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_jazz" title="Belgian jazz">Belgian</a></li>

<li><a href="British_jazz" title="British jazz">British</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental European</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Jazz in Czechoslovakia">Czech and Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_jazz" title="Danish jazz">Danish</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_jazz" title="Dutch jazz">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="European_free_jazz" title="European free jazz">European free jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="French_jazz" title="French jazz">French</a></li>

<li><a href="German_jazz" title="German jazz">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_jazz" title="Polish jazz">Polish</a>

<li><a href="Russian_jazz" title="Russian jazz">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_jazz" title="Swedish jazz">Swedish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_jazz" title="Canadian jazz">Canadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Haitian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Cuban</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Music_of_Baltimore#Jazz" title="Music of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Chicago#Jazz" title="Music of Chicago">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Detroit#Jazz" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li>

<li><a href="Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz" title="Music of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Washington%2C_D.C.#Jazz" title="Music of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Oceanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australian_jazz" title="Australian jazz">Australian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">South American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ethno_jazz" title="Ethno jazz">Ethno jazz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_jazz" title="Bibliography of jazz">Bibliography of jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li>

<li><a href="British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li>

<li><a href="Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental jazz</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight-ahead_jazz" title="Straight-ahead jazz">Straight-ahead jazz</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li>

<li><a href="Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li>

<li><a href="Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotica" title="Exotica">Exotica</a></li>

<li><a href="Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li>

<li><a href="Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li>

<li><a href="Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Novelty_piano" title="Novelty piano">Novelty ragtime</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Album_covers_of_Blue_Note_Records" title="Album covers of Blue Note Records">Album covers of Blue Note Records</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_(miniseries)" title="Jazz (miniseries)"><i>Jazz</i> (miniseries)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Round_Midnight_(film)" title="Round Midnight (film)">Round Midnight</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Thelonious_Monk%3A_Straight%2C_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Straight, No Chaser</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AJazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-08-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=M-Base&oldid=1241263966">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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